Audiology: Hearing Most children with Down Syndrome tend to have very small ear canals, often making it difficult to examine properly with the instruments found in the physician's office. Structural ear abnormalities are common. Up to 70% of the infants have some conductive hearing loss, often due to fluid. Fluid accumulation can start as early as the neonatal period. Individuals with Down syndrome may begin to develop hearing loss in their second decade, which, if undetected may lead to behavioral symptoms which could be misinterpredted as psychiatric disorder.

Ophthalmology: Vision About 50% of individuals with Down Syndrome have eye problems including refractive errors, cataracts, keratoconus (bulging of the cornea), nystagmus, strabismus, and amblyopia Orthopaedic - Neuroligic Atlantoaxial instability is estimated to occur in 10 to 20% of individuals with Down Syndrome and is a manifestation of poor muscle tone and lax ligaments. In its presence, certain neck flexion activities should be avoided gymnastics, diving, high jump, butterfly stoke, soccer, and warm-up exercises placing pressure on the head and neck).